Encoding problems with requests and BeautifulSoup¶
Sometimes when you use Python's requests library on Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, your text comes back looking like garbage! Like gibberish! More specifically, something like this:
Ö±ÊôÌØÉè»ú¹¹\xa0\n\xa0¹ú×Êί\n\xa0¹
úÎñÔºÖ±Êô»ú¹¹\xa0\n\xa0º£¹Ø×ÜÊð\xa0
\xa0¹úË°×ܾÖ\xa0\xa0Êг¡¼à¹Ü×ܾÖ
\n\xa0½ðÈÚ¼à¹Ü×ܾÖ\xa0\xa0Ö¤¼à»á
\xa0¹ãµç×ܾÖ\xa0\n\xa0ÌåÓý×ܾÖ\xa0It can also happen in French, German, Spanish... any language with characters that aren't simple A-Z (it just isn't always as obvious in those cases).
The quick fix¶
The problem is probably an undefined encoding or character set. You can usually fix this by allowing requests to guess the character encoding.
In [46]:
Copied!
response = requests.get('http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml')
# This line fixes it
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text[:300]
response = requests.get('http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml')
# This line fixes it
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text[:300]
Out[46]:
'\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n省部级任免_中国经济网\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 广告载入中...\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n人事盘点\n反腐・问责\n省级任免\n中直机构人物库\n部委人物库\n地方党政领导人物库\n人事动态\n\n\n\n\n\n首页\xa0>\xa0人物库\xa0>\xa0省部级任免\n\n\n·张佰成任锡林郭勒盟委书记 么永波不再担任[2023/07/12]\n·徐向国任黑龙江省政府党组成员(图|简历)[2023/07/12]\n·河北省委常委张成中任省政府党组副书记[2023/07/09]\n·陈新武任重庆市委秘书长、市委办公厅主任[2023/07/08]\n·张晓强任甘肃省委常委、兰州市委书记 朱天舒不再担任[2023/07/08]\n\n\n·重庆'
The longer explanation¶
This is a problem with encoding. When a file shows up, it's just a big long list of numbers. Encoding is the process of converting those numbers into text. Here are some examples of how different numbers are converted to characters in different encodings:
| number | UTF-8 | Latin-1 | ISO 8859-7 | ISO 8859-14 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
69 |
E | E | E | E | |
240 |
ð | ð | π | ṫ | |
202 |
Ê | Ê | Ċ |
Notice how they aren't always same! Most encodings have the same numbers for normal boring un-accented Latin (English) characters, but quickly diverge when it gets to accents or more complex character systems. If you don't know the right encoding for a page, some of the characters will probably be mixed up.
For example, let's look at this page in Chinese.
It looks fine on the web, but when you use requests and BeautifulSoup, everything falls apart!
In [14]:
Copied!
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml'
response = requests.get(url)
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml'
response = requests.get(url)
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text
Out[14]:
'\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nÊ¡²¿¼¶ÈÎÃâ_Öйú¾\xad¼ÃÍø\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n ¹ã¸æÔØÈëÖÐ...\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nÈËÊÂÅ̵ã\n·´¸¯¡¤ÎÊÔð\nÊ¡¼¶ÈÎÃâ\nÖÐÖ±»ú¹¹ÈËÎï¿â\n²¿Î¯ÈËÎï¿â\nµØ·½µ³ÕþÁìµ¼ÈËÎï¿â\nÈËʶ¯Ì¬\n\n\n\n\n\nÊ×Ò³\xa0>\xa0ÈËÎï¿â\xa0>\xa0Ê¡²¿¼¶ÈÎÃâ\n\n\n·ÕÅ°Û³ÉÈÎÎýÁÖ¹ùÀÕÃËίÊé¼Ç ôÓÀ²¨²»ÔÙµ£ÈÎ[2023/07/12]\n·ÐìÏò¹úÈκÚÁú½\xadÊ¡Õþ¸®µ³×é³ÉÔ±(ͼ|¼òÀú)[2023/07/12]\n·ºÓ±±Ê¡Î¯³£Î¯ÕųÉÖÐÈÎÊ¡Õþ¸®µ³×鸱Êé¼Ç[2023/07/09]\n·³ÂÐÂÎäÈÎÖØÇìÊÐίÃØÊ鳤¡¢ÊÐί°ì¹«ÌüÖ÷ÈÎ[2023/07/08]\n·ÕÅÏþÇ¿ÈθÊËàʡί³£Î¯¡¢À¼ÖÝÊÐίÊé¼Ç ÖìÌìÊæ²»ÔÙµ£ÈÎ[2023/07/08]\n\n\n·ÖØÇìÊÐί³£Î¯ÂÞÝþÒÑÈÎÁ½½\xadÐÂÇøµ³¹¤Î¯Êé¼Ç[2023/07/07]\n·Öܺ£±øµ±Ñ¡³¤É³ÊÐÊг¤[2023/07/06]\n·³ÂÐÂÎäÈÎÖØÇìÊÐί³£Î¯ ´ËÇ°µ£Èκþ±±Ê¡Î¯³£Î¯[2023/07/06]\n·ÖìÌìÊæÈÎÄþÏÄ»Ø×å×ÔÖÎÇøµ³Î¯³£Î¯¡¢Õþ·¨Î¯Êé¼Ç[2023/07/05]\n·ÍõÖ¾¾üÈιúÎñÔº¸±ÃØÊ鳤 ´ËÇ°µ£ÈκÚÁú½\xadʡί¸±Êé¼Ç[2023/07/04]\n\n\n·µËÐÞÃ÷ÈÎ×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôºµ³×鸱Êé¼Ç ´ËÇ°µ£Èν\xadËÕʡί¸±Êé¼Ç[2023/07/04]\n·ÕųÉÖÐÈκӱ±Ê¡Î¯³£Î¯ ´ËÇ°µ£ÈÎÁÉÄþʡί³£Î¯[2023/07/03]\n·ÀîÕþÈÎÉϺ£ÊÐί³£Î¯¡¢ÊÐίÃØÊ鳤[2023/07/03]\n·Ê©Ð¡ÁÕÈÎËÄ´¨Ê¡Î¯¸±Êé¼Ç[2023/07/03]\n·ÍõÇïʵÈμªÁÖʡί³£Î¯¡¢×éÖ¯²¿²¿³¤ ´ËÇ°µ£ÈκÚÁú½\xadÊ¡¸±Ê¡³¤[2023/07/02]\n\n\n·ãÆÏ£¾üµ±Ñ¡º£ÄÏÊ¡×ܹ¤»áÖ÷ϯ[2023/07/02]\n·ÍõêÍÈÎס½¨²¿µ³×é³ÉÔ± ´ËÇ°µ£Èν\xadËÕÊ¡¸±Ê¡³¤(ͼ|¼òÀú)[2023/06/27]\n·ÍõÖ¾ÖÒÈι«°²²¿¸±²¿³¤ ´ËÇ°µ£Èι㶫ʡ¸±Ê¡³¤¡¢Ê¡¹«°²ÌüÌü³¤[2023/06/26]\n·ÂÀÓñÓ¡ÈΰÄÃÅÖÐÁª°ì¸±Ö÷ÈÎ ´ËÇ°µ£Èι㶫ʡ¸±Ê¡³¤¡¢Ö麣ÊÐίÊé¼Ç[2023/06/26]\n·ÎâÐãÕÂÈÎÈËÉ粿¸±²¿³¤ ´ËÇ°µ£ÈÎÄþÏÄ»Ø×å×ÔÖÎÇøÕþ¸®¸±Ö÷ϯ[2023/06/22]\n\n\n·¹ù·¼ÈÎÉú̬»·¾³²¿µ³×é³ÉÔ± ´ËÇ°µ£ÈÎÉϺ£ÊÐί³£Î¯¡¢¸±Êг¤[2023/06/20]\n·½¯Ì챦ÈÎÁÉÄþʡί³£Î¯¡¢×éÖ¯²¿²¿³¤ ´ËÇ°µ£Èιú¼ÒÏç´åÕñÐ˾ָ±¾Ö³¤[2023/06/19]\n·¹ùÓÀº½Èι㶫ʡί³£Î¯¡¢¹ãÖÝÊÐίÊé¼Ç ÁÖ¿ËÇì²»ÔÙµ£ÈÎ[2023/06/16]\n·Éòµ¤ÑôÈκ£ÄÏʡί¸±Êé¼Ç[2023/06/15]\n·Ò¶Å£Æ½µ±Ñ¡Î÷°²ÊÐÊг¤[2023/06/03]\n\n\n·Öܺ£±øÈγ¤É³ÊдúÊг¤[2023/06/03]\n·ÍõÎÀ¶«²»ÔÙµ£ÈÎÇຣʡ¸±Ê¡³¤Ö°Îñ[2023/06/03]\n·ÄÚÃɹÅ×ÔÖÎÇøÕþÐ\xad¸±Ö÷ϯÑî\x84¼æÈνÌÓýÌüÌü³¤[2023/06/02]\n·ÍõÁÖ»¢ÈÎÇຣʡ¸±Ê¡³¤[2023/06/02]\n··½¹â»ª´ÇÈ¥ÉÂÎ÷Ê¡ÈË´ó³£Î¯»á¸±Ö÷ÈÎÖ°Îñ[2023/06/01]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n²¿Î¯ÈËÎï¿â\n\nÖÐÖ±ÈËÎï¿â\n\nµØ·½ÈËÎï¿â\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xa0¹úÎñÔº×é³É²¿ÃÅ\xa0\n\xa0Íâ½»²¿\xa0\xa0¹ú·À²¿\xa0\xa0·¢¸Äί\xa0\xa0½ÌÓý²¿\xa0\n\xa0¿Æ¼¼²¿\xa0\xa0¹¤ÐŲ¿\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÃñί\xa0\xa0¹«°²²¿\n\xa0¹ú°²²¿\xa0\xa0ÃñÕþ²¿\xa0\xa0˾·¨²¿\xa0\xa0²ÆÕþ²¿\xa0\n\xa0ÈËÉ粿\xa0\xa0×ÔÈ»×ÊÔ´²¿\xa0\xa0Éú̬»·¾³²¿\xa0\n\xa0ס½¨²¿\xa0\xa0½»Í¨²¿\xa0\xa0Ë®Àû²¿\xa0\n\xa0ũҵũ´å²¿\xa0\xa0ÉÌÎñ²¿\xa0\xa0ÎÄ»¯ºÍÂÃÓβ¿\n\xa0ÎÀ½¡Î¯\xa0\xa0ÍËÒÛ¾üÈËÊÂÎñ²¿\xa0\n\xa0Ó¦¼±¹ÜÀí²¿\xa0\xa0ÑëÐÐ\xa0\xa0Éó¼ÆÊð\xa0\n\xa0¹úÎñÔºÖ±ÊôÌØÉè»ú¹¹\xa0\n\xa0¹ú×Êί\n\xa0¹úÎñÔºÖ±Êô»ú¹¹\xa0\n\xa0º£¹Ø×ÜÊð\xa0\xa0¹úË°×ܾÖ\xa0\xa0Êг¡¼à¹Ü×ܾÖ\xa0\n\xa0½ðÈÚ¼à¹Ü×ܾÖ\xa0\xa0Ö¤¼à»á\xa0\xa0¹ãµç×ܾÖ\xa0\n\xa0ÌåÓý×ܾÖ\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÐŷþÖ\n\xa0¹ú¼Òͳ¼Æ¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼Ò֪ʶ²úȨ¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼Ê·¢Õ¹ºÏ×÷Êð\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÒ½ÁƱ£ÕϾÖ\n\xa0¹úÎñÔº²ÎÊÂÊÒ\xa0\xa0»ú¹ØÊÂÎñ¹ÜÀí¾Ö\n\xa0¹úÎñÔº°ìÊ»ú¹¹\xa0\n\xa0¹úÎñÔºÑо¿ÊÒ\n\xa0¹úÎñÔºÖ±ÊôÊÂÒµµ¥Î»\xa0\n\xa0лªÉç\xa0\xa0Öйú¿ÆѧԺ\xa0\xa0ÖйúÉç¿ÆÔº\xa0\n\xa0Öйú¹¤³ÌÔº\xa0\xa0¹úÎñÔº·¢Õ¹Ñо¿ÖÐÐÄ\n\xa0ÖÐÑë¹ã²¥µçÊÓ×Ų̈\xa0\xa0ÖйúÆøÏó¾Ö\xa0\n\xa0²¿Î¯¹ÜÀí¾Ö\xa0\n\xa0Á¸Ê³ºÍÎï×Ê´¢±¸¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÄÜÔ´¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÊý¾Ý¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼Ò¹ú·À¿Æ¹¤¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÑ̲ÝרÂô¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÒÆÃñ¹ÜÀí¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÁÖÒµºÍ²ÝÔ\xad¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÌú·¾Ö\n\xa0ÖйúÃñÓú½¿Õ¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÓÊÕþ¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÎÄÎï¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÖÐÒ½Ò©¹ÜÀí¾Ö\n\xa0¼²²¡Ô¤·À¿ØÖƾÖ\xa0\xa0¹ú¼Ò¿óɽ°²¼à¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÏû·À¾ÈÔ®¾Ö\xa0\xa0¹ú¼ÒÍâ»ã¹ÜÀí¾Ö\n\xa0¹ú¼ÒÒ©Æ·¼à¶½¹ÜÀí¾Ö\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xa0µ³ÖÐÑë¸÷²¿ÃÅ\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë¼Íί¡¢¹ú¼Ò¼àί\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë°ì¹«Ìü\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë×éÖ¯²¿\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÐû´«²¿\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëͳս²¿\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÁª²¿\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÕþ·¨Î¯\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÕþ²ßÑо¿ÊÒ\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë¹ú°²°ì\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÍøÐÅ°ì(¹ú¼ÒÍøÐÅ°ì)\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë¾üÃñÈںϰì\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑę̈°ì(¹ų́°ì)\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë²Æ°ì\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÍâ°ì\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑë±à°ì\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëºÍ¹ú¼Ò»ú¹Ø¹¤Î¯\xa0\n\xa0µ³ÖÐÑëÖ±ÊôÊÂÒµµ¥Î»\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑ뵳У(¹ú¼ÒÐÐÕþѧԺ)\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑ뵳ʷºÍÎÄÏ×Ñо¿Ôº\xa0\n\xa0ÈËÃñÈÕ±¨Éç\xa0\n\xa0ÇóÊÇÔÓÖ¾Éç\n\xa0¹âÃ÷ÈÕ±¨Éç\xa0\n\xa0ÖйúÆÖ¶«¸É²¿Ñ§Ôº\xa0\n\xa0Öйú¾®¸Ôɽ¸É²¿Ñ§Ôº\xa0\n\xa0ÖйúÑÓ°²¸É²¿Ñ§Ôº\xa0\n\xa0ÖÐÑëÉç»áÖ÷ÒåѧԺ\xa0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'
Why this happens¶
This is because of an argument about the right encoding. Usually web requests come back with a header that says what the right encoding is.
For example, if we download the NYT homepage we can see that it is an encoding called utf-8.
In [18]:
Copied!
response = requests.get("https://nytimes.com")
response.headers['Content-Type']
response = requests.get("https://nytimes.com")
response.headers['Content-Type']
Out[18]:
'text/html; charset=utf-8'
The website we are scraping, though, doesn't have a character encoding listed in its content-type header.
In [19]:
Copied!
response = requests.get("http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml")
response.headers['Content-Type']
response = requests.get("http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml")
response.headers['Content-Type']
Out[19]:
'text/html'
The browser can display things correctly because instead of listening to the response, it's just reading what's listed in the HTML.
Thanks to the HTML, our browser knows it's GB 2312, an official encoding for simplified Chinese.
The requests library doesn't read the HTML to decide the encoding, though, it only listens to the headers! And if it's not listed in the header? By default, requests decides everything is an encoding called ISO-8859-1, or Latin-1. This is an encoding that is common in Western Europe.
In [26]:
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response.encoding
response.encoding
Out[26]:
'ISO-8859-1'
Why does it just blindly decide that? NO CLUE.
Luckily, requests also uses a libary called chardet to guess the encoding. It doesn't listen to the guess, though, it just... guesses and keeps it secret.
In [25]:
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response.apparent_encoding
response.apparent_encoding
Out[25]:
'GB2312'
To fix this, all you need to do is overwrite encoding with the apparent_encoding. And then life is great!
In [27]:
Copied!
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml'
response = requests.get(url)
# Make the guessed encoding official
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/rw/sbj/index_3.shtml'
response = requests.get(url)
# Make the guessed encoding official
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
doc = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
doc.text
Out[27]:
'\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n省部级任免_中国经济网\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 广告载入中...\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n人事盘点\n反腐・问责\n省级任免\n中直机构人物库\n部委人物库\n地方党政领导人物库\n人事动态\n\n\n\n\n\n首页\xa0>\xa0人物库\xa0>\xa0省部级任免\n\n\n·张佰成任锡林郭勒盟委书记 么永波不再担任[2023/07/12]\n·徐向国任黑龙江省政府党组成员(图|简历)[2023/07/12]\n·河北省委常委张成中任省政府党组副书记[2023/07/09]\n·陈新武任重庆市委秘书长、市委办公厅主任[2023/07/08]\n·张晓强任甘肃省委常委、兰州市委书记 朱天舒不再担任[2023/07/08]\n\n\n·重庆市委常委罗蔺已任两江新区党工委书记[2023/07/07]\n·周海兵当选长沙市市长[2023/07/06]\n·陈新武任重庆市委常委 此前担任湖北省委常委[2023/07/06]\n·朱天舒任宁夏回族自治区党委常委、政法委书记[2023/07/05]\n·王志军任国务院副秘书长 此前担任黑龙江省委副书记[2023/07/04]\n\n\n·邓修明任最高人民法院党组副书记 此前担任江苏省委副书记[2023/07/04]\n·张成中任河北省委常委 此前担任辽宁省委常委[2023/07/03]\n·李政任上海市委常委、市委秘书长[2023/07/03]\n·施小琳任四川省委副书记[2023/07/03]\n·王秋实任吉林省委常委、组织部部长 此前担任黑龙江省副省长[2023/07/02]\n\n\n·闫希军当选海南省总工会主席[2023/07/02]\n·王晖任住建部党组成员 此前担任江苏省副省长(图|简历)[2023/06/27]\n·王志忠任公安部副部长 此前担任广东省副省长、省公安厅厅长[2023/06/26]\n·吕玉印任澳门中联办副主任 此前担任广东省副省长、珠海市委书记[2023/06/26]\n·吴秀章任人社部副部长 此前担任宁夏回族自治区政府副主席[2023/06/22]\n\n\n·郭芳任生态环境部党组成员 此前担任上海市委常委、副市长[2023/06/20]\n·蒋天宝任辽宁省委常委、组织部部长 此前担任国家乡村振兴局副局长[2023/06/19]\n·郭永航任广东省委常委、广州市委书记 林克庆不再担任[2023/06/16]\n·沈丹阳任海南省委副书记[2023/06/15]\n·叶牛平当选西安市市长[2023/06/03]\n\n\n·周海兵任长沙市代市长[2023/06/03]\n·王卫东不再担任青海省副省长职务[2023/06/03]\n·内蒙古自治区政协副主席杨�录嫒谓逃�厅厅长[2023/06/02]\n·王林虎任青海省副省长[2023/06/02]\n·方光华辞去陕西省人大常委会副主任职务[2023/06/01]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n部委人物库\n\n中直人物库\n\n地方人物库\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xa0国务院组成部门\xa0\n\xa0外交部\xa0\xa0国防部\xa0\xa0发改委\xa0\xa0教育部\xa0\n\xa0科技部\xa0\xa0工信部\xa0\xa0国家民委\xa0\xa0公安部\n\xa0国安部\xa0\xa0民政部\xa0\xa0司法部\xa0\xa0财政部\xa0\n\xa0人社部\xa0\xa0自然资源部\xa0\xa0生态环境部\xa0\n\xa0住建部\xa0\xa0交通部\xa0\xa0水利部\xa0\n\xa0农业农村部\xa0\xa0商务部\xa0\xa0文化和旅游部\n\xa0卫健委\xa0\xa0退役军人事务部\xa0\n\xa0应急管理部\xa0\xa0央行\xa0\xa0审计署\xa0\n\xa0国务院直属特设机构\xa0\n\xa0国资委\n\xa0国务院直属机构\xa0\n\xa0海关总署\xa0\xa0国税总局\xa0\xa0市场监管总局\xa0\n\xa0金融监管总局\xa0\xa0证监会\xa0\xa0广电总局\xa0\n\xa0体育总局\xa0\xa0国家信访局\n\xa0国家统计局\xa0\xa0国家知识产权局\n\xa0国际发展合作署\xa0\xa0国家医疗保障局\n\xa0国务院参事室\xa0\xa0机关事务管理局\n\xa0国务院办事机构\xa0\n\xa0国务院研究室\n\xa0国务院直属事业单位\xa0\n\xa0新华社\xa0\xa0中国科学院\xa0\xa0中国社科院\xa0\n\xa0中国工程院\xa0\xa0国务院发展研究中心\n\xa0中央广播电视总台\xa0\xa0中国气象局\xa0\n\xa0部委管理局\xa0\n\xa0粮食和物资储备局\xa0\xa0国家能源局\n\xa0国家数据局\xa0\xa0国家国防科工局\n\xa0国家烟草专卖局\xa0\xa0国家移民管理局\n\xa0国家林业和草原局\xa0\xa0国家铁路局\n\xa0中国民用航空局\xa0\xa0国家邮政局\n\xa0国家文物局\xa0\xa0国家中医药管理局\n\xa0疾病预防控制局\xa0\xa0国家矿山安监局\n\xa0国家消防救援局\xa0\xa0国家外汇管理局\n\xa0国家药品监督管理局\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xa0党中央各部门\xa0\n\xa0中央纪委、国家监委\xa0\n\xa0中央办公厅\xa0\n\xa0中央组织部\xa0\n\xa0中央宣传部\xa0\n\xa0中央统战部\xa0\n\xa0中联部\xa0\n\xa0中央政法委\xa0\n\xa0中央政策研究室\xa0\n\xa0中央国安办\xa0\n\xa0中央网信办(国家网信办)\xa0\n\xa0中央军民融合办\xa0\n\xa0中央台办(国台办)\xa0\n\xa0中央财办\xa0\n\xa0中央外办\xa0\n\xa0中央编办\xa0\n\xa0中央和国家机关工委\xa0\n\xa0党中央直属事业单位\xa0\n\xa0中央党校(国家行政学院)\xa0\n\xa0中央党史和文献研究院\xa0\n\xa0人民日报社\xa0\n\xa0求是杂志社\n\xa0光明日报社\xa0\n\xa0中国浦东干部学院\xa0\n\xa0中国井冈山干部学院\xa0\n\xa0中国延安干部学院\xa0\n\xa0中央社会主义学院\xa0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'
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